Showing posts with label Gunn. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Gunn. Show all posts

Friday, June 28, 2024

Merril-recommended stories from '58: R Garrett and J E Gunn

Greetings, folks, and welcome back to another exciting episode of MPorcius Fiction Log.  Today we've got another blog post in which we cherry pick 1958 stories from the list of Honorable Mentions at the back of Judith Merril's SF: The Year's Greatest Science-Fiction and Fantasy: 4th Annual Volume and I read and offer my dubious opinions of them.  Merril's list is alphabetical, and today we're sampling the "G"s, looking at stories by Randall Garrett and James E. Gunn. 

I tend to avoid Garrett as I think he's one of those guys who is always making totally lame jokes, but I just read some praise of Garrett from Barry Malzberg and so will give Merril's pick of Garrett's 1958 output a shot.  if we go to the videotape, we see that a year ago I read two Merril-approved 1956 stories by Garrett and liked one and not the other.

As for Gunn, in 2018 I read his sexist story "The Misogynist" and called it "acceptable entertainment."  In 2022 I read the three linked stories "The Unhappy Man," "The Naked Sky," and "Name Your Pleasure" that would go on to become Gunn's fix-up novel The Joy Makers and recommended the third in that list and said the other two were acceptable.  Last year I read Gunn's "Witches Must Burn" and also gave it an "acceptable" rating.

Looking at their mixed records, we see that today Garrett and Gunn both have a chance to rise in my estimation--how will these fixtures of the SF community fare before the cruel eye of Emm Pee Flog?

"Respectfully Mine" by Randall Garrett

"Respectfully Mine" is written in a chatty, colloquial voice and has the feeling of a tall tale--the narrator essentially tells you the story is conjecture and reminds you explicitly of how far from the truth are so many of the stories one hears about historical figures.  Garrett also immediately clues you in that this is a crime story with an epigraph from G.K. Chesterton's The Man Who Was Thursday and a mention on the story's first full page of Simon Templar.  

Our narrator describes to us one of the exploits of a famous criminal of a century ago, Leland Hale, an adventure that took place on a planet colonized by ethnic Germans three centuries ago, a planet on the edge of the human space civilization, one relatively poor and rarely visited by people from the rest of galactic society.  The planet is renowned for but one thing, as the place of birth of an artist unrecognized in his lifetime but later considered, galaxywide, as the peer of Leonardo and other immortal painters and sculptors.  This artist did his work early in the history of the human settlement on the planet.  

The plot revolves around the fact that evidence surfaces that a previously unknown work of this great artist may still be on the planet (all his other works were sold to offworlders.)  The planet is split into two polities which don't quite get along with each other (perhaps Garrett referring to the predicament of Germany after World War II.)  The northern of these states, purportedly the more sophisticated one, has a museum; in the celebrated artist's lifetime a time capsule was buried under the museum, and the new evidence just uncovered suggests there is a carving by the artist in the time capsule, which is due to open soon.  This sculpture will be worth a lot of money, and master criminal Leland Hale arrives on the planet, presumably with the aim of seizing the carving.  The interstellar police arrive shortly after him, their aim being to seize Hale.  The southern state then announces that they too have a (previously secret) time capsule which may also contain a sculpture produced by the famous artist; their capsule is set to open the day after the northern one.

We follow the four main characters--interstellar thief Hale, the head of the museum in the northern nation, a corrupt politician in the southern nation, and the interstellar cop commanding the force pursuing Hale--as the politico hires Hale to steal the sculpture in the northern time capsule so it can be placed in the bogus southern capsule and then revealed to great fanfare.  

In the end Hale gets paid, the northern museum director and the southern politico get humiliated, and the cop gets frustrated as Hale escapes.  There isn't much by way of thrills or climax--Garrett's narrator, living 100 years after the events described, just straightforwardly explains how Hale swindled everybody.

This story of a conman in a galactic civilization where some guys have private space yachts reminds me in its content of things written by Jack Vance, but Vance has a good writing style, Vance is actually funny, and Vance is also adept at writing tense and disturbing scenes of action and violence.  Garrett, at least here, doesn't deliver the thrills and chills or the verbal entertainment that Vance often does.  We'll judge "Respectfully Mine" merely acceptable.

"Respectfully Mine" is one of three Hale stories, and has been reprinted recently (2011 is recent, right?) along with its two fellows in a collection of the Hale tales.

"The Immortals" by James E. Gunn

Merril put her stamp of approval on three 1958 stories by Gunn, and here we have the first, "The Immortals," which premiered in an anthology edited by Merril's second husband, Frederik Pohl, Star Science Fiction #4.  (Pohl and Merril were married from 1948 to 1952; Pohl had two more wives ahead of him, but I don't think Merril married again.)  "The Immortals" has been printed time and again; maybe it is fair to say that it is one of Gunn's most successful works, that it is a good representative of his work.  "The Immortals" is also, it appears, one of four stories about the same doctor, Russell Pearce, all of which appear in a collection entitled The Immortals.

(I'm reading "The Immortals" in Isaac Asimov Presents the Great Science Fiction Stories: 20, in which Asimov tells us that "utopia" is "from Greek words meaning 'good place,'" even though I have always heard it was from Greek words meaning "no place.")

It is the dystopian future of almost ubiquitous disease, of mass crime, of widespread terrorism.  The cities are surrounded by electrified walls, and between them lurk roving bands of murderers.  The common people, many of whom are deformed, sell their blood to the elite establishment for use in medical experiments--criminals sell the heads and organs of their victims to the upper crust for the same use!  A small number of people are afforded access to immortality treatments as a reward for their service to the ruling class, and Dr. Harry Elliott, a physician, is one of those men pursuing such a boon.

Today, after a terrorist attack strikes the hospital where Elliott works, Elliott is given a secret mission!  The city has been out of contact with the governor for three weeks!  The phonelines are all cut!  The airwaves are jammed!  Somebody has to get a message to the governor!  An armed convoy will be ambushed, so Elliott has to disguise himself as a common citizen, leaving behind his nose filters and defensive weapons and medical paraphernalia, and walk--on his own two feet!--to the governor's mansion forty miles away!  And he has to bring with him Marla, a pretty 13-year-old girl, a seven-year old boy named Christopher, and a sort of folk healer, the blind and elderly Russell Pearce, who, it turns out despite Elliott's skepticism, has psychic abilities that enable him to diagnose people and even cure people's ailments just by touching them!  Gunn's story suggests that medical science and the germ theory of disease are a scam; among the pearls of wisdom we are gifted in Pearce's voice are that people's "bodies want to heal themselves...but our minds give counter-orders and death-instructions," "Germs can't hurt you unless you want them to" and "Aging is not a physical disease; it is mental."

Elliott's little party is almost wiped out by the headhunters who run a motel that is a death trap, but luckily Marla and Christopher (who also seems to have psychic powers) know what member of the elite Elliott does not--how to avoid such traps.  Pearce heals Elliott's wounds and utters gnomic wisdom.  The girl is captured by a band of "squires" who have motorized unicycles and jet-powered hang gliders and Elliott rescues her in an unconvincing scene in which he uses a machine pistol to cause a minor avalanche instead of just gunning down the bad guys.  Then Elliott is paralyzed by a guy who sells live but inert bodies to hospitals to serve as spare parts; Elliott's companions rescue him.  Marla turns out to be one of the immortals whose blood is the source of the drugs that confer immortality on others, a 17-year-old who just looks 13, and a transfusion of her super blood ends Elliott's paralysis.  I have to admit, it wasn't clear to me until this part of the story, like 40 pages into its 52-page length, that some people were born with immortality; maybe that was clear in the earlier stories in this series and Gunn assumed readers in 1958 would remember the '55 and '57 stories. 

(I'll note here that the way a--physically if not intellectually or chronologically-- 13-year-old girl is a sex object for both the villains and the hero will perhaps raise eyebrows.)

Gunn also waits until the end of the story to explain explicitly the structure of this feudal society in which the governor is a baron for life who resides in a fortress behind a piranha-stocked moat and the squires are his feudatories, rewarded for their allegiance with monthly injections of the immortality drug.  I still don't really understand who exactly are the terrorists who jam transmissions and cut phone lines and stop convoys between the city and the governor's mansion and bomb hospitals from their helicopters--squires from some other barony?  The squires who kidnap and plan to rape or dismember for parts the apparently 13-year-old Marla must be squires of the governor, but it can't be the governor's own vassals who are stopping the convoys to his mansion, can it?

The Governor turns out to be an immensely fat man, essentially immobile, who thinks of himself as a god.  Marla is his daughter, and the guv wants to have sex with her in hopes of creating more of the immortals who are the source of the immortality drug.  In the climactic fight Pearce reveals that he is also immortal, but not through heredity or blood transfusions or elixirs, just force of will--I guess there are three (four?) ways to become immortal in this story.  Pearce's apparent decrepitude is a sham--he transforms his body before the governor's eyes into that of a thirty-year-old.  Then Elliott, who has entered the guv's sanctum by disguising himself as Marla(?), kills the governor by throwing a lariat around his neck and strangling him--we are told Elliott has never thrown a lariat before, but he scores a bullseye in one try today.  As the story ends I guess we are supposed to expect that now everyone in the world will have a chance to be healthy and immortal.

The apparent ideology or philosophy of this story, including the idea that advances in medical technique and technology have made public health worse, is kind of stupid and certainly annoying, and the action and suspense scenes are sort of ridiculous, like something out of a cartoon.  Am I supposed to take this story seriously, or is it just a broad satire of class dynamics and economic inequality, a bitter gripe that rich people can afford better stuff than poor people?

I guess I'll call this barely acceptable--the more I think about it, though, the worse it seems.  I guess the over-the-top class envy politics of "The Immortals" appealed to socialists Judith Merril and Fred Pohl; the adventure elements, world-building and the effort to depict a growing relationship between Elliott and Marla are pretty mediocre.  One thing I can say conclusively--I'm not reading any more stories in the saga of Russell Pearce, even if I love the other two Gunn stories I am reading today.


"Powder Keg" by James E. Gunn

James Gunn must have been a big draw in 1958--"Powder Keg" was the cover story of the issue of If in which it appeared.  And it is another long one, like 34 pages, and like "The Immortals" it is the final installment of a series, what isfdb is calling the Amos Danton series (three stories), which is a component of the "Station in Space Universe" series (two additional stories for a total of five.)  Let's hope this is better than "The Immortals."

It is the future of nuclear proliferation!  Every country has atomic weapons, even the piddling little ones!  Scary!  America has a slight edge, a space station that tries to keep an eye on everybody and is capable--we hope--of bombing into oblivion anybody who misbehaves, but the station has been up there for like twenty years and in the interim many nations have moved their factories and missile facilities underground where they are essentially invisible, limiting the effectiveness of the station.  

Our protagonist for this caper is Captain Lloyd Phillips, an Air Force shrink!  The top Air Force general, Ashley, summons Philsy boy to his office deep under the Pentagon to give him a special assignment.  The general fears the crew of the space station may have been driven insane by the stress of the job and of being away from Earth for years at a time (yeah, this is reminiscent of Kris Neville's 1949 "Cold War.")  Ashley wants Phillips to go up there and evaluate the psychology of the crew; Phillips just assumes the men up there are unstable and that he will doubtlessly return with a recommendation that the station be shut down, and that is what Ashley wants.  The general suggests that while he is up there Phil might check out the rumors that the station crew is undertaking some major construction project on the side of the station that can't be seen from Earth.

This is a great job for Phillips, as he is fascinated by the psychology and sociology of space travel: why do individual men choose to run the terrible risks and suffer the life-shortening effects of being in space?; and why does our society devote to the space program such a volume of resources that could be more profitably spent on Earth?

Gunn in this story takes psychology seriously, accepting jazz like "sublimation" as totally legit and presenting psychology as a real science like biology or astronomy that is able to explain the world and make reliable predictions.  Phillips even compares people who are skeptical of the science of psychology to illiterates who fear books.  Sick burn!

Phillips doesn't just reserve his mad psychoanalytic skillz for the peeps up in orbit--he wields them on that REMF Ashely as well!  Looking at Ashley's file (a real psychologist can psychoanalyze you just by reading about you!) before leaving Earth, he sees the general suffers from space sickness that has made him unable to leave this big blue marble; Phillips determines that the general is pursuing the shutting down of the space station due to subconscious envy of those who can go to space, due to a need to see space flight as a useless waste of time; of course, Phillips agrees with Ashley that the station should be shut down, that the space program is a dead end and a waste of money, that Man Belongs On Earth, for his own reasons that he considers rational.

Once on the station, Phillips diagnoses all the crewmen except for the commander, Colonel Amos Danton.  All the personnel hate the shrink because they love the station and their commander Danton, and they are aware Phil is here looking for an excuse for Ashley to close down the station.  Phillip's method is to allow the men to fidget with "Rorschach clay" while he interviews them.  The shapes they form in the clay are a door to the unconscious and subconscious, providing surefire indications of their neuroses and psychopathologies--by looking at the blobs he leaves behind, Phillips can tell if a man is a homosexual, a sadist, a paranoid, or whatever.  Phil concludes that everyone on the station is mentally ill (he thinks Danton is paranoid just from talking to him) and the station should be shut down because any one of them could snap at any moment and bomb Earth, but the clay blob analysis is his only evidence--to all outward appearance, morale on the station is high and the men are doing a sterling job of maintaining the station's many mechanical and electronic systems.  Ordinary people without psychological training won't trust blob analysis--Phil needs more concrete evidence to convince the mundanes!

Finally, Phillips realizes that the station crew is falling down on the job when it comes to one facet of their duty--watching for enemy activity on Earth and keeping the bombs ready for retaliatory strikes!  When he pays a visit to the enlisted man who is supposed to be monitoring activity on Earth he finds this joker taking a nap!  And when he is alerted, Colonel Danton doesn't care!  The whole point of the station is to serve as an early warning system and a deterrent, and Danton is failing to perform either function, so the station is useless!

We get some action scenes as a saboteur sent to the station by Ashley tries to wreck the place but is foiled; this crisis occasions the story's big revelation, that--there are no retaliatory bombs!  Danton and his men have repurposed the missiles to build a spaceship with which to travel to Mars!  Danton knew years ago that the responsibility of commanding the space missiles was too much for anybody to handle, and came up with his own theory of how to ease the pressure of the powder keg that is Earth--by exploring a new frontier!  Danton unleashes some serious metaphors: 1) powder only explodes dangerously if contained--if allowed to spread out freely it just creates pretty flashes; and 2) the human race is like the fish of prehistoric days--to grow and thrive some people must evolve into amphibians who can live outside the Earth the same way some fish evolved to walk on land.  Danton's talk is pretty persuasive, and Phil is fully convinced when Danton picks up the clay and produces a beautiful sculpture that proves not only that he is not paranoid, but that he is a genius!  

Phillips' beliefs do a 180; he realizes that mankind's destiny is to explore space, that space is where mankind's problems will be solved, and that he is one of those amphibians.  He joins the illegal Mars expedition wholeheartedly.

While in structure "Powder Keg" is similar to "The Immortals"--a guy is sent on a mission by one strata of society and meets a sort of heroic figure and joins that hero in rebelling against the ruling class and causing a paradigm shift--"Powder Keg" is better than "The Immortals" in every possible way.  The action scenes are not silly, but believable and appropriate.  The social commentary is not broad and absurd and the "world-building" is not vague and unbelievable; instead everything is easy to grasp and easily creditable.  All the twists and turns of the plot are foreshadowed in a way that helps make them satisfying and believable to the reader--nothing just "comes out of nowhere" but follows logically from what came before.  The most prominent speculative science in the story--the Rorschach clay--while impossible to take seriously, is not so offensively stupid as what was going on in "The Immortals," and all the stuff about space ships and space suits and dealing with meteors and recycling the air is interesting and believable.  

Thumbs up for "Powder Keg."  Presumably Merril liked the way the story suggests U. S. military personnel should mutiny against the elected government of the United States and disrupt America's deterrent against communist attack, but I personally like the story's optimism about space travel and the ability of the human race to explore and conquer new frontiers.

It seems that "Powder Keg" has only ever been reprinted in Gunn collections of the Amos Danton stories or the entire Space Station series, including a German edition with a very fun but hilariously inappropriate Michael Whelan killer-bikini-babe cover that originally appeared on a DAW paperback edition of a C. J. Cherryh novel.


"Deadly Silence" by James E. Gunn
  
Another long cover story, this one for Fantastic Universe, looms before us--advertised as a novel, "Deadly Silence" takes up over 50 damn pages.  Wow!  This better be good!  Uh oh!  It seems like this one has never been reprinted in English.  Hopefully the jungen und madchen over in Deutschland who reprinted this thing in 1970 knew what they were about.

"Deadly Silence" is one of those stories, like A. E. van Vogt's Isher stories and Jack Williamson's Humanoids tales, in which a mysterious store opens in town and it disrupts the social order.  Our hero is Kevin Gregg, a freelance writer of fact articles in his early thirties, a naval veteran of the Pacific War who can't stand noise, perhaps because it reminds him of the sound of the anti-aircraft fire of the carrier he served aboard, triggering memories of attacking Japanese aircraft.  He dreads leaving his apartment because the city noise drives him to distraction, but he does venture forth sometimes to see his shrink and to chat at the bar with his pal, the overweight scientist/engineer Hugh Pryor, and talk over ideas for articles.

One day Gregg and Pryor discover a new store, one that sells only one product: a pocket-sized device that, apparently by projecting "cancelling vibrations," creates a zone of silence six feet in radius around itself.  Gregg join the throngs of people who buy one, and immediately falls in love with the pretty girl manning the counter.  She steadfastly rebuffs all Gregg's efforts to learn anything about her or about the device, which is almost indestructible and is powered in some undetectable, but infallible, fashion.

Soon everybody in town has a Silencer and uses it all the time.  Here we have one of the many aspects of Gunn's story here that isn't very believable and really limits the reader's ability to suspend disbelief.  Gunn seems to think people hate noise and love silence, and maybe Gunn does, and it certainly makes sense that war veteran Gregg does, but my suspicion is that many people actually hate silence--everywhere I go people are listening to music or watching TV or yapping on their phones, and unless I am trying to read or write, I am much the same--driving the car I listen to podcasts and rock music and doing the housework I watch Italian crime movies and British horror movies.  Rather than finding silence peaceful and beautiful, I suspect people in the main find silence oppressive and sad.      

Anyway, Gunn dramatizes his speculations on the effect on American society of a mass marketed device that radically dampens sound.  Like "The Immortals," "Deadly Silence" has elements of broad satire and several somewhat silly action scenes.  A target of Gunn's satire is advertising, which Gunn credits with the success of the American economy and blames for America's high suicide rate (Gunn says the US suicide rate is the highest in the world, which I seriously doubt was the case when he wrote it and am quite confident is not the case now) and offers us a goofy caricature of a capitalist grappling with the fact that people everywhere are using the Silencer to escape advertisements.  Gregg walks down the street and in the space of minutes witnesses multiple extravagant fatal accidents that occur because drivers and pedestrians can't hear sirens or warnings.  Murderers and thieves use the device to sneak up on people and to render alarms useless and cries for aid fruitless, and when it becomes clear that committing crime has become easy, people who were previously too scared to steal or murder begin to indulge their natural evil proclivities, leading to a rise in murder of 1000% and of burglary to the tune of 10,000%.  (This is where I agree with Gunn, that a large proportion of people would love to steal, rape and murder, and only refrain from doing so out of fear of being harmed in a fight with their proposed victim or punished by the community or the state.)  

Gregg publishes articles about the Silencers, but he needs more info, so he leans hard on his crush, the salesgirl, trying to get her to divulge the identity of her employer and the manufacturer of the Silencers.  He harangues the attractive young woman with talk of how the Silencers are destabilizing our society by causing accidents, facilitating crime, and severely diminishing economic activity by immunizing people to the advertising that drives sales and thus employment.  When he doesn't get anything from her, he starts investigating trucking companies to see who is shipping the Silencers to the stores.  You'd think this would be easy to figure out by just watching the stores and seeing what truck shows up, but instead Gregg starts visiting trucking companies to ask questions.

Like "The Immortals," you can't take the details of the plot of this story seriously--in real life running a high profile retail business in a city without the government knowing all about every aspect of it would be impossible thanks to business law and tax regulations--the owners and/or renters of the buildings in which the shop girls work, and the shop girls themselves, have to fill out all sorts of legal forms and tax forms and pay all sorts of taxes and so who owns the stores and built the devices would be impossible to keep secret from anybody who took time to find it out, and every city politician and bureaucrat, many federal pols and bureaucrats, and every journalist, would have almost irresistible incentives to seek out this data.  Criticisms like this weigh more heavily on Gunn's "Deadly Silence" than they do van Vogt's Isher stories or Williamson's Humanoids stories because those 1940s stories are set in a far future fictional milieu  and have some of the feeling of a myth or fairy tale, while Gunn makes it very clear that  "Deadly Silence" is set in the real life mid-1950s United States, going so far as to name-check J. Edgar Hoover and describe Gregg's service in World War II.

Anyway, Gregg figures out what trucking company is moving the Silencers, and he sneaks into the back of one of the trucks.  To his amazement, the pretty sales woman is also hiding in the back of this truck!  They fight, and he overpowers her and forces her to sit on his lap during the long silent ride; he even  kisses her against her will.  I wasn't expecting this sort of hubba hubba BDSM content, but it certainly livens up the somewhat tedious story a bit.

When the truck stops Gregg gets out to find he is at some factory; the sales clerk he is so crazy about escapes him but he hides behind a bush to spy on the factory anyway.  He gets shot by someone with a ray gun, and wakes up in the custody not of the makers of the Silencers but of the FBI, whose agents were also watching the factory and scared off whoever it was who stunned Gregg.  The FBI men don't know much more about the Silencers than does Gregg, though they are certain that the Soviet Union is not the source of the devices--they tell Gregg that, in fact, the Eastern Blo's communist masters are losing control because the ordinary people there have also acquired the Silencers.

Gregg pays a visit to his shrink, who professes to not believe Gregg's story of being shot with a high-tech stun gun and picked up by the FBI.  On his way down to the street Gregg witnesses something alarming on the elevator--a man's ear falls off and he picks it up off the floor and reattaches it; Gregg realizes if it isn't the USSR making the Silencers it must be space aliens trying to soften up Earth for conquest!  Aliens who don't have ears and so must be deaf!  Aliens who must communicate via telepathy!  Gregg then confronts the shop girl a third time.  She says she was in the truck spying on the makers of the Silencers herself, and Gregg convinces her she is employed by aliens bent on conquering the Earth and should join him in the resistance group led by Gregg's scientist friend Pryor.

Gregg has a brainwave--his shrink must be an alien!  Gregg dashes over to the therapist's office, where the aliens capture him.  As villains do all the time in fiction, the invaders provide their prisoner with fun information; for example, many aliens doing reconnaissance on Earth are posing as psychologists, just the sort of person to whom people are willing to tell all their secrets--in fact, the aliens have largely plotted their takeover based on Gregg's specific psychology, considering Gregg to be "the epitomized neurosis of human society"!  Minutes later Gregg is rescued by the same FBI people who saved him last time in another of Gunn's odd over-the-top action scenes.

Having been discovered, the aliens begin their invasion in earnest, spherical craft landing in all the major cities and deploying armored vehicles.  The aliens take the urban areas, but human resistance endures in the countryside.  Gregg, Pryor, the shop girl and various other minor characters I haven't named play roles in the resistance, firing off bazookas and developing high tech countermeasures and so on.  In a sort of switcheroo ending, Pryor invents a device that projects discordant noise on the wavelength of the aliens' telepathy--this device will work on the aliens in the same way the Silencer works on humans.  As the story ends, a long war lies ahead, but we can assume humanity will win and Gregg and the shop girl will be married.

"Deadly Silence"'s 50+ pages feels quite long, in part because the narrative is not particularly entertaining and does not flow smoothly.  Many scenes feel inconclusive or even extraneous, feel as if they go nowhere and fail to move the plot along.  Gregg goes out looking for clues, then ends up back at his apartment or the shrink's office with little to show for his expeditions.  The narrative doesn't feel like it goes from A to B to C to D, but like it goes from A to B to A to C to A to D.  "Deadly Silence" also feels long because the conventional text is regularly interrupted by newspaper clippings describing representative events which Gregg did not witness, like crimes committed using the Silencer and the alien landing, as well as stuff that Gregg himself experienced--we learn the tale of the ear on the elevator by reading a newspaper column about it for which Gregg was the source.  Why?

Exploring the consequences of a device that causes silence, and how an intelligent race that has no sense of hearing might get along, are not bad ideas, but Gunn embeds these ideas in long boring story with a poor structure and poor action and human drama elements, and some of the other science components of the story are hard to take.  There are animals that can hear without external earlobes, for example.  And in the very start of the story we hear that Pryor has built a "telepathy machine" but he doesn't know whether it is working, or even whether it is a transmitter or a receiver.  This is hard to get your mind around and seems more like a joke than anything serious, adding to the many factors that make suspending disbelief a challenge when reading "Deadly Silence."

I'm wrestling with whether or not "Deadly Silence" is worse than "The Immortals."  "Deadly Silence" feels longer and slower, and its narrative is less coherent and smooth, but the satire and action scenes are not quite so bad as those in "The Immortals."  We'll just say that both of these stories are "barely acceptable," shrug our shoulders at the fact that one is celebrated and one is forgotten, and move on with our lives.

**********

Cripes, this is a long blog post.  It feels like ages ago that I was reading those short Malzberg pieces.  I shouldn't cram four stories into a single blog post when most of them are over 30 or 50 pages long.  Note to self!

Gunn's "Powder Keg" is the big winner today; the other stories are like filler pieces, Gunn's two weak pieces like filler stories that have metastasized to monstrous proportions.  Don't expect to hear anything about Randall Garrett or James E. Gunn for a while here at MPorcius Fiction Log; what you can expect is more Barry Malzberg, more World War II era Weird Tales, and I think more crime from Fredric Brown. 

Monday, June 19, 2023

Merril-Approved 1956 Stories: Galouye, Garrett, Grimm & Gunn

Here at MPorcius Fiction Log we are exploring critically-acclaimed SF stories from 1956, and the critic doing the acclaiming is none other than Judith Merril.  In the back of her 1957 anthology SF: The Year's Greatest Science Fiction and Fantasy: Second Annual Volume, Merril included an alphabetical list of honorable mentions; we have been going through this list, picking out stories to read, and today is G-Day, so we've got stories by Daniel Galouye, Randall Garrett, "Christopher Grimm" and James Gunn.

(For the curious, I'll put links to the earlier installments of this series at the bottom of this post.)

"The Pliable" by Daniel Galouye 

"The Pliable" debuted in an issue of F&SF edited by Anthony Boucher and containing stories by Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore, Poul Anderson, Richard Matheson and Ray Bradbury--wow, a big issue.  We'll have to bookmark this one!  There's nothing wrong with that Emsh cover, either.  Looking at isfdb, it seems foreigners liked "The Pliable" more than Americans did; at least there are no reprints in publications in English listed among the nine European reprints.  Well, let's see what this Yankee thinks of this "short novelet" of over twenty pages.

In his intro, Boucher likens "The Pliable" to Agatha Christie's famous Ten Little Don't Use That Word, and it is also reminiscent of those 1930s classics by (respectively) John W. Campbell and A.  E van Vogt, "Who Goes There?" and "Black Destroyer" in that it is about a small isolated group who introduce an alien into their company and must resolve the deadly challenge it unexpectedly poses.  

The space ship in "The Pliable" has a multi-species crew made up of humans, a Centauran and a Vegan, and they have by chance discovered a primitive life form, a kind of blob or giant amoeba (like a foot across when a sphere) that responds to their brain transmissions--the members of the space crew can sculpt it like clay with their minds, and make it move around like a puppet with their thoughts.  This discovery will make them all rich if they can stake a claim to it and then market the beasts across the galaxy.

The Vegan fashions a biped out of the blob, puts a knife in its hand, and makes it perform a traditional Vegan saber dance.  The little marionette stabs another crew member in the chest, slaying him, and the crew and we readers strive to figure out which crewman directed the blob to commit the foul deed, or consider the alternative explanation that the blob has more intelligence than they bargained for and killed the spaceman of its own free will.  More murders follow and the dwindling number of survivors try all kinds of logical schemes and indulge in all manner of prejudices in their frantic efforts to stop the killings and figure out who is responsible.  The twist ending is that the monster isn't susceptible only to conscious control, but can also be influenced by the subconscious!  A spaceman who subconsciously is animated by greed or fear could be unknowingly directing the blob to destroy his shipmates even if he isn't really so unscrupulous as too intentionally seek his comrades' deaths.

This story is pretty entertaining--I even found the dream sequence compelling and appropriate, which is noteworthy because usually I find dream sequences irritating and gratuitous--and it does raise questions of moral culpability, so I enjoyed it.  At the same time, it is a little annoying that we were all expected to strain our brains keeping track of clues and following all the Rube Goldberg logic puzzles when they all turned out to be moot because the killer wasn't consciously committing his crimes.

"Stroke of Genius" by Randall Garrett    

I have been avoiding Garrett for years because I somehow got the idea he writes joke stories or leftist satires or absurdist farces or something--I can't recall how I took this belief on board, but it has been strong enough to keep me giving his work a serious look.  (I guess it didn't help when in 2018 I read two filler stories from a 1956 magazine that Garrett cowrote with Robert Silverberg and thought them weak.)  Well, let's try on for size the two 1956 Garrett stories Merril thought were praiseworthy and see if I have been harboring an irrational prejudice against Garrett all these years.

Waldos figure in this story, and editor Larry T. Shaw includes a note that reminds us that Robert Heinlein conceived of and named the waldo in his 1942 story of that name.  I get the impression it is fashionable nowadays to claim science fiction never predicts anything, but if you read old magazines you find actual science fiction writers and editors are aways going on about how science fiction is predictive, and Shaw in his note says the waldo "proves yet again that science fiction can make accurate predictions."  If you learn about the past from secondary sources you are likely to get a very different picture of what was going on and what people thought than if you learn about the past from primary sources.            

Like Galouye's "The Pliable," "Stroke of Genius" is something of a murder mystery.  Our tale is set in the space-faring future; Earth has founded colonies on quite a few extrasolar planets, but can only check in on them every five years or so, and a bunch of them in one area have been found to have failed.  The fact that the failures are clustered geographically (spatially?) suggests that hostile aliens are at work, that the human race is in an interstellar war!  The Space Force quickly develops a new energy weapon with which to arm their space warships, and sends Major Stratford over to a high tech manufacturer to talk about having them mass produce this ordnance, and Stratford unwittingly steps into the middle of a tense human drama!

You see, this engineer Crayley is in his thirties and is the number two executive at the manufacturer.  He had hopes of soon taking over from the boss, famous genius Klythe, when the sixty-year-old retired.  But Klythe is so valuable that the government authorized him to undergo The Big Gamble, a rejuvenation treatment that might wreck your body but also has a significant chance of restoring your corpus to its condition when you were twenty-five!  The rarely-administered treatment worked like a charm on the K-man, and now Crayley will likely never succeed Klythe to become head of the factory because Klythe is effectively younger than Crayley while having thirty years more experience under his belt than our boy Craycray!

After all the introductions and the scene setting and the lecture on waldos, the plot kicks into gear as Crayley plots to murder Klythe.  Garrett does a good job of making the working of the factory and the waldos interesting, and of giving us insight into both Klythe and Crayley's psychology--the psychologies of the two engineers is firmly integrated into the commission of the crime and its detection by the authorities.  Crayley sabotages the production of the first of the new weapons, causing an explosion that kills five people, including Klythe.  Crayley is immediately anointed Acting Director.  Will the government investigation team discover his atrocious crime?  

An entertaining crime story.  Thumbs up!  "Stroke of Genius" debuted in an issue of Infinity with another fun Emsh cover and stories by Damon Knight and Harlan Ellison I will probably read some day, plus Knight's laudatory reviews of novels by Heinlein, Arthur C. Clarke, and Gordon R. Dickson.  Merril and I both enjoyed "Stroke of Genius," but it doesn't look like it ever reappeared in an anthology or collection.  

"Suite Mentale" by Randall Garrett

Here's another story that was ignored after it was printed; "Suite Mentale" would not reappear until our own 21st century, and even then only by small outfits dedicated to e-publishing.

Well, having read it, I can see why "Suite Mentale" never spread beyond the pages of Robert W. Lowndes' Future; it is sort of boring, its structure lacking a build up and climax, its characters and their actions lacking in drama, personality, and excitement.  One of the problems is that we don't witness the protagonist as he performs the actions that make up the bulk of the story's plot, nor do we hear him narrate the plot--instead we learn the story in out of chronological order fragments through the dialogue of other characters.  This limits immediacy and undercuts any possible suspense and also impedes the reader's ability to identify with or care about the protagonist.  Another problem is the way the speculative lectures about psychology and time travel with which Garrett lards his tale weigh it down. 

Even though I am considering the structure of Garret's story a failure, Garrett seems to have organized his tale with care and deliberation--each of the five chapters of this twelve-page story is named after one of the components (I guess educated people call these "movements") of a long piece of classical music like a symphony or suite--the first chapter is "Overture--Adagio Mistirioso" and another is "Scherzo--Presto," to provide some examples.  "Suite Mentale" is an ambitious story, it seems, but I'm an uncultured slob who knows almost nothing about classical music so this is all lost on me.    

The plot concerns a guy, Paul Wendell, who has developed telepathic powers.  We all have latent psychic powers, Wendell realizes, and he is confident that he can teach most anybody how to unlock their own psychic abilities.  He teaches eight men how to read minds and the like, and gets a meeting with the President of the United States and lets the big guy know all about his work.

The Prez is not thrilled by the news Wendell brings him.  On a philosophical, long term level, he fears that if everybody can read everybody else's mind that society will collapse, and uses a game-playing metaphor to express his worry.  Today we are all playing poker--we all keep a lot about ourselves and our thoughts secret from other people.  If we all are aware of what everybody else is thinking, enjoy access to each other's memories, we will all be playing chess, which the President thinks is a disaster for some reason; I'm not sure the President/Garrett employed this metaphor or explained the Prez's worries particularly well.  On a short term, practical, level, the President is worried that the nine psykers must have all sorts of knowledge that would compromise the security of the United States if our enemies were to capture any one of them and beat the info out of him.  So the President strives to keep an eye on these nine telepaths and come up with some excuse to lock them up.

The President is relieved when the eight disciples all go insane and one of them, in his insanity, shoots Wendell in the head.  Now they can all be locked away--for their own good even!--in various medical institutions.  Surgery preserves Wendell's life, but to those around him the genius appears to be little more than a vegetable--he can't move much, or talk, and is only barely capable of swallowing the food nurses hand feed him.  (I think maybe intravenous feeding hadn't been introduced yet when the story was written.)  The reality is that Wendell is fully alive in his brain, but is suffering total sensory deprivation and can only maintain his sanity by replaying all of his memories over and over again and intricately studying every moment of his past life.  He does this for many years.

The plot is resolved when Wendell dies after figuring out why his disciples went insane and telepathically curing them and injecting into their brains all his own memories, so that, in a sense, he is still alive as a copy in the brains of eight other dudes.  Released from the funny farm, one of these eight goes to visit the President, who is now retired.  He convinces the President, whom Wendell considers a great man, to join the group of psykers and use his status and ability as an elder statesman to help engineer a smooth transition to the now inevitable psychic civilization.

I want to like this story because it is ambitious and unconventional and has big ideas, but it just isn't well told and lacks entertainment value.  Thumbs down, I'm afraid.

"Bodyguard" by "Christopher Grimm" (H. L. Gold, probably)

I read this story in the 1990s when I bought a hardcover copy of the 1960 anthology Bodyguard and Four Other Short Novels From Galaxy at a used book store, but I don't remember much of anything about it.  According to isfdb, there is some controversy over whether Gold actually wrote the story, with some claiming that Evelyn E. Smith is the real author.  For this blog post I will read "Bodyguard" in the scan of the magazine in which it made its debut rather than dig my book out from my shelves.

It is the spacefaring future: extraterrestrials are a common sight on Earth, there are rejuvenation treatments so most people look and feel young, and people fly around in aircars.  But there is one technology that hasn't really panned out--plastic surgery.  So, people who were born good-looking still have an advantage over those of us who are plain and those of us who are ugly.  

Gabriel Lockard is one of best-looking men on Earth. He is also a fool and a jerk: we witness him hitting his wife when she is annoying, starting a ruckus in a bar by getting in some innocent guy's face, as well as flying an aircar while drunk.  When Gabe's recklessness gets into a dangerous jam, a guy suddenly appears to save him; the rescuer looks totally different each time, but Gabe's wife realizes that its the same man pulling her careless brute of a hubby's fat out of the firer each time, he is just inhabiting a different body each time!

The Earth Gold is depicting in this noirish story is old and worn out, its culture decadent, the vital industrious adventurous types all having moved to frontier planets.  Those who remain pursue relief from their boredom in extreme, dangerous, addictive pastimes.  One such thrilling recreation is administered by some aliens with psychic powers; these E.T.s operate a technically illegal "game" which consists of players swapping bodies, often with random strangers; participants go to sleep and wake up in a different body, running a very real risk of finding themselves in a body that is sick or otherwise deficient.  

"Bodyguard" is like 38 pages long, and a quarter of the way in we are told that the guy who keeps saving Gabriel from harm is the original occupant of that gorgeous Gabriel Lockard body, which he lost to the jerk when said jerk, who was ugly, tricked him into one of those body swapping games.  Original Gabriel is endeavoring to keep his beautiful birth body intact in the hope he will figure out a way to get back into it; the current occupant of the Gabe body is always trying to put distance between himself and this delectable frame's original owner, so the original Gabe keeps switching to a new body so he can continue sneaking up on the body thief.  

There follows a pretty good suspense/crime story as the thief tries to escape and then tries to murder his pursuer.  Additional characters are added to the drama: the thief blackmails a sleazy lawyer into acting as a go-between so he can hire a hitman to kill the real Gabe; equally significant is the thief's wife, who can always spot the real Gabe no matter what body he is in, and who becomes the female corner of a love triangle involving her evil husband and the original owner of her husband's breathtakingly hot bod.  Everybody tries to double cross everybody else, and when the assassin changes his body as a means of eluding the authorities--wouldn't you know it--the original Gabe ends up in the professional killer's body!  The legal system doesn't recognize all this body switching business, so in the view of the law whoever is in the body of a criminal is culpable for the body's crimes, so Gabe now runs the risk of being shot down by the apparently less than conscientious cops of this decadent future Earth!

I like this caper--thumbs up!  One fun skein wound into Gold's tapestry is all the future slang and catchphrases he introduces and which the characters use quite a bit.  This is a typical thing SF writers do, but Gold's neologisms felt more authentic than usual.  I will warn 21st-century readers that "Bodyguard" seems to push ideas that we are nowadays expected to abjure--that one's moral character is reflected in one's looks (I just had to sit through a multi-hour performance of Shrek: The Musical put on by ten-year-olds so this at "top of mind," as we say) and that women will fall in love with a guy just because of his looks and his money.

After its debut in Galaxy, "Bodyguard" has only ever been reprinted on paper in the foreign editions of Galaxy and in the aforementioned anthology edited by Gold himself, who apparently had no compunctions about selling his own work in such a morally suspect manner.   

"Witches Must Burn" by James Gunn

"Witches Must Burn" is one of those stories that indulges the contempt and fear the cognitive elite have for the common people; it seems to take much of its inspiration from Luddism and McCarthyism, and we might say it also prefigures the anti-intellectualism of the Cambodian Genocide.  At the same time, it critiques those elitist attitudes and offers something of a twist ending that suggests the anti-intellectuals might have a point.  A year ago I read three linked stories by Gunn that were also more or less about whether or not elites should run our lives for us, and they also took the both-sides-are-too-extreme, what-we-need-is-to-combine-the-thesis-and-antithesis-and-create-a-moderate-synthesis line.  I will also note that the story debuted in John W. Campbell's Astounding, and Campbell is famous for writing and printing stories in which he challenges you by coming up with a scenario in which something undeniably horrible, like being enslaved or thrown out of a spaceship to your death or, as here, murdered by a superstitious mob, is in the long run necessary or even somehow beneficial.   

It is the future--the 1970s--and America is a surveillance state; there are bugs everywhere, the phones are tapped, if you check into a hotel you have to write your political party affiliation on the form.  Everything seems old and rundown, and there are lots of high tech devices but many of them seem to be on the fritz.  Among the common people there is widespread resentment over technological advances that are alleged to have put people out of jobs and end up being unreliable anyway.  People's ire focuses on the scientists who are responsible for all this problematic technology, and they have representatives in the federal legislature egging them on and willing to protect them if they mete out a little mob justice!      

Our protagonist is Wilson, a physicist who specialized in electronics and then changed course in mid-career to become a psychologist.  As the story begins he is returning to his Midwestern university, where he was close to completing a major project, one with potentially world-changing applications, to find an anti-egghead mob is burning down the entire campus and massacring the faculty and their families!  We then get reasonably entertaining sequences depicting Wilson as a hunted man, using various strategies and compromising his morals in order to survive--we also get a glimpse of how other members of the educated classes similarly do morally questionable things to survive in anti-intellectual America.  

Gunn provides a longish passage that describes history from the point of view of Wilson: science has made life vastly better by making Man master of the natural world, but instead of embracing this miracle, in the middle of the 20th century the populace has been seized by a mass psychosis and became hostile to science and technology.  Wilson's expertise put him in the forefront of those seeking to solve this problem by developing a technological means to read and control people's minds.  All Wilson's work--just when he was on the brink of success!--was destroyed in the fire that opened the story, but while on the run he does manage to build a crude miniature version of the device that can detect theta waves and help him intuit the attitudes of those around him.

Europe and the Soviet Union are apparently even more oppressive and anti-technology than the USA, so Wilson heads for Latin America--Brazil, Venezuela and Peru may be authoritarian countries, but their governments welcome scientists who can provide aid in their quest to exploit South America's natural resources and achieve economic growth.  Wilson hooks up with a Brazilian government egghead-recruiter, but right before he can get on a Brazilian nuclear sub, he is captured by the American government!

And then swiftly rescued by the pro-science underground, the most prominent representative of which in the text is a beautiful blue-eyed blonde.  This babe explains the common man's skepticism of rapid technological change, even excuses it a little bit, whipping out a metaphor--the scientists are like the driver of the automobile of civilization, but lately they have been putting the pedal to the metal, speeding recklessly, and they don't even know where the road is headed!  The common man is like a passenger who gets so scared he wants to grab the wheel from the driver, but of course that will likely introduce even greater danger.  Blondie's solution to the problem is not for the eggheads to wield ever greater power over the lowbrows, but for the scientists to leave their ivory towers and reintegrate into society--she and her comrades blame the scientists for the burnings of universities and the massacres of intellectuals, arguing that the cognitive elite made such a backlash inevitable by divorcing themselves from society and getting up on their high horses.  The massacre of the smarty smarts is the first step in a regression of society to a sort of medieval level that will be good in the long run because the cognitive elite will again be joined with the people and work alongside them instead of above them.  The story ends when Wilson comes to accept this painful truth.

One of the elements of the story which I sort of rolled my eyes at but is perhaps interesting is the use of the witch as a metaphor.  Gunn of course employs the very common use of "witch hunt" as a metaphor for unfair persecution, but that hot blonde and her comrades also suggest that in the new society that scientists should play the role performed (so they say) by witches in the past, that of "the wise man of the village who wields mysterious control over the forces of nature--for the benefit of the village."

Acceptable.  It looks like John Wilson would return in two stories published in 1969, and "Witches Must Burn" appears with these sequels in the collection The Burning.

**********

Another step in our 1956 journey lies behind us.  This leg of the trek was long but not that painful, with three good stories, and only one poor one, so, props to Merril.  I don't always see eye to eye with Merril, as you'll perhaps remember if you've been accompanying me on this exploration; if you haven't, you can check out our travel diary at the links below:

Monday, May 30, 2022

James E. Gunn: "The Unhappy Man," "The Naked Sky," and "Name Your Pleasure"

"Induced delusions," the Hedonist said heavily.  "The Council has perfected the sensies.  Now, they're realies.  The Council is going to make the Earth one hundred per cent happy." 
I recently spotted in the wild, at an antiques mall, Bantam A2219, the 1961 paperback printing of James Gunn's novel The Joy Makers, the back cover text of which asks the provocative question, "why be miserable?"  The price asked for this volume was too steep for me, but I was definitely intrigued by the book's promise to make my skin tingle and my mind rattle with its descriptions of pleasures.  (Was there any chance James Gunn could give Kazuto Okada a run for his money?)  The publication page of the paperback listed three 1955 stories which apparently served as its basis, and I decided to read them in scans of the magazines in which they appeared, available for free to all of us who seeking mind-rattling pleasures on the cheap.  I am reading the three stories, "The Unhappy Man," "The Naked Sky," and "Name Your Pleasure" not in publication order but in the order they are listed on that 1961 publication page. 
   
Spoiler alert: Despite this back cover text, The Joy Makers isn't about wild sex; it is about
 to what extent we should have an individualistic society in which we run our own lives,
 or the converse, a collectivist society in which we let high-tech experts run our lives for us

"The Unhappy Man" (1955)

"The Unhappy Man" made its debut in Fantastic Universe and was never reprinted on its own.  

Josh Hunt is an overworked business executive, the kind of guy who scrutinizes the paper over breakfast, has a shouting match with the union rep before lunch, gets through the day by having his sexalicious blonde secretary "order a bicarbonate," and at night brings paperwork home, where he ignores his wife and his kids and eases the agony of his ulcer by drinking lots of booze.  A new business starts advertising in Josh's town--Hedonics, Inc., a firm that promises to make people happy.  Josh signs up for a trial of their service and on his first visit to the Hedonics office the Hedonics people's fire-and-forget medical technology automatically cures him of all his physical ailments in mere seconds.  They promise to cure all of his psychological issues in mere minutes on his next visit tomorrow, and, if he signs a long term contract, over the succeeding weeks to cure every problem he has in his life!  The Hedonics people's techniques enable them to gauge your personality with such exactitude that they can tell you exactly what to do with your life to achieve happiness, like what job to take, whether you should get married and have children, etc.  

Josh smells a rat and while everybody in town signs long term contracts with Hedonics, Inc.--surrendering all their property and future earnings to the Big H in return for having computers solve all their physical, mental, career and life problems--Josh tries to resist and undermine Hedonics, Inc, which he imagines will soon have its tentacles in everybody's life and more or less rule the world.  But Josh is defeated--Hedonics, Inc. actually succeeds in making all of its clients happy, and the government is full of Hedonics clients who have no interest in contesting Big H's grip on society.    

I feel like there are plenty of SF stories that feature a new business appearing out of nowhere and throwing society for a loop--maybe this is a reflection of the way that life in our market society is forever changing thanks to the arrival of new products and services, some of them revolutionary like the automobile, the TV and the internet.  A. E. van Vogt's Weapon Shops of Isher stories and Jack Williamson's Humanoids story, "With Folded Hands," are famous classics of this subgenre.  In the Isher stories, the Weapons Shops represent a welcome counterbalance against corrupt and overweening government, while Williamson's Humanoids promise to make your life easy and safe, but are soon controlling every second of your life, leeching it of all meaning by removing all risk and challenge.  I had expected Hedonics, Inc. to be a scam, and for Gunn to endorse the idea that life isn't satisfying if somebody else is telling you what to do, but in the end it seems like Hedonics is on the level and everybody is happy except for Josh.  "The Unhappy Man" thus comes across as an attack on our individualistic society in which people are expected to work hard and run their own lives and a celebration of how technology allied to altruism (all Hedonics, Inc. employees have passed a psychology test that proves they are altruists) can make practically all of us happy if we submit to the rule of experts.  Oddly, the editor's introduction to "The Unhappy Man" suggests that Hedonics, Inc. is the villain of the story, but this is not how the actual text is reading to me--it seems Josh is the villain for trying to stand in the way of progress and he is punished for his sin of skepticism by being kept out of the promised land.

This story is acceptable; it is a utopian idea story, a sort of wish fulfillment fable for people who hate rough and tumble capitalism and dream that somebody will solve their problems for them, not the sort of SF story I generally favor, a story of realistic speculation or a human drama with compelling characters or an exciting action adventure story.  But if you think submitting to the will of eggheads and their infallible machinery can create heaven on Earth, maybe you'll like it more than I did.      

"The Naked Sky" (1955)

For its appearance in Startling Stories, "The Naked Sky" was adorned with some great drawings of women and monsters by Virgil Finlay that I don't think I have ever seen before.  I strongly recommend that you illustration fans out there check them out. 

"The Naked Sky" is more adventure-oriented than "The Unhappy Man;" the opening scene is about a Terran on Venus trying to capture a mysterious alien who is disguised as a human and can move at 200km/h.  This scene is followed by exposition about how mankind is terraforming Venus; in fifty or so years the surface of Venus will be comfortable enough that the three million human colonists on that second planet from our sun will be movin' on up out of their underground city and on to a surface much like Earth's.

These colonists haven't heard from the mother world in some fifty years.  Now that the colony is in danger from these camouflaged aliens, it is decided that somebody should go to Earth and see what is up--maybe Terra can offer some aid.  As on Earth when the first colonists left it, the society on Venus is run on hedonic lines, with happiness the first and foremost goal, and so D'glas, who doesn't enjoy his job driving a combine on the surface, is chosen for the mission.  (Their hedonic training enables most of the colonists to relish the boring labor of terraforming Venus, but while he has had the same education as everybody else, D'glas is something of a skeptic and a dissident and not quite in tune with the whole hedonic program.)

On Earth, D'glas, accustomed to living in an underground city and working under thick cloud cover, finds the wide blue sky of Terra unnerving, especially after the stress of the long lonely space flight.  He finds that while the city around Earth's space port is deserted, everything is obviously being cleaned and maintained; the automatic amenities--moving sidewalks, vending machines, arcade games--are still operating smoothly.  Gunn spends a lot of time describing D'glas's explorations of the abandoned facilities, playing the arcade games and using the vending machines and so forth.  Finally he meets a man who promises to take the Venusian to "the Council" who will answer his questions.

The trip to the Council is via an open car subway train, one that, I suppose in keeping with the hedonic philosophy of fun fun fun, is built to function as a roller coaster.  Not only does it have the radical ascents and drops of a roller coaster, but, after the big dive, holograms or hypno illusions of fire, seductive women and sinister monsters simulate a descent into Hell--these are the women and monsters Finlay chose as the subjects of his engrossing title page illustration.  (Wisely, Finlay in his drawing offers no clue that D'glas is on a roller coaster and the women and demons are mere illusions.)  D'glas's guide offers philosophical and psychological commentary about our need for sin and guilt and how you can't appreciate something without having also experienced its opposite.  (In related news, D'glas appreciates Venus more after seeing what is going on on Earth.)

Soon after climbing off the coaster at their destination, a young woman comes out of nowhere to throw a rock at D'glas's Virgil; the "man" collapses after a hit to the noggin, and D'glas sees wires through the hole of his "wound"--this guy was a robot, a robot fragile enough that a rock thrown by a young woman can penetrate its artificial skull and render it totally inoperative.      

Gunn's decision to have the woman attack with a rock is an inexplicable one, because when D'glas catches up to this hit-and-run assailant he discovers she has an entire arsenal of firearms and explosives carefully organized in the corner of a ruined library that is her lonely home.  Susan claims to be the last real human being left on Earth, and after she has used an X-ray to assure herself D'glas is also human they fall in love--even though their hedonic training has counselled them to avoid making their happiness hostage to another--and have sex.

D'glas gets his mind back on his mission and sneaks away from Susan to investigate this Council he's been hearing about.  He discovers that almost the entirety of Earth's human population of five billion are now nearly immortal dreamers, floating in chambers full of amniotic fluid, fed via an umbilical cord while hypno devices fill their minds with super realistic dreams of happiness.  (The idea that the logical conclusion of hedonism--or maybe just the wrong kind of hedonism--is to reduce people to babies was foreshadowed in the start of the story when it is brought to our attention that one of the leaders of the Venus colony always has a pacifier in his mouth.)

Captured by robots, D'glas is taken to the telepathic main computer which replaced the human Council that once ruled the Earth and has inherited its title.  D'glas and the master computer have a philosophical discussion about what constitutes happiness, the meaning of life, and so forth.  The computer claims to be following the mission it was programmed to pursue--make people happy--in the most efficient way possible, but D'glas maintains that a life of easy happiness imposed from without, for people and for a society, is no life at all--true happiness comes from within and is the product of accomplishment, of facing risk and overcoming obstacles to achieve goals.  The computer also confirms that the "aliens" that have been appearing on Venus are its scouts, that it is extending to Venus its mission of guaranteeing 100% human happiness by turning everybody into what amounts to a powerless dreaming fetus.

The Council tries to break the resistance of D'glas and Susan, to addict them to its happy hypnotic illusions, but D'glas is a tough nut to crack--he can always tell he's in what we might now call "the Matrix," no matter how awesome the dream fed into his brain.  He realizes that anger somehow disrupts the effect of the computer's telepathic powers and tells this to Susan, and they both preserve their free will, flummox the computer with a tough question ("Are you happy?"), make their way to its control room, and reprogram it in such a way that is rendered inert (by ordering it to make itself happy, so that it gives itself pacifying dreams.)  Making the computer turn inward in this way consigns to death most of the five billion living fetus-like in those fluid chambers, but, as he and Susan fly off to Venus, D'glas presumably tells himself those people were just clumps of cells and caring for them would interfere with his career of terraforming Venus and paving the way for human conquest of the universe.

Yes, in classic SF fashion, we get a sense of wonder ending--humanity having successfully resisted the temptations of a misguided version of hedonics, the philosophy of hedonics rightly understood will foster the human race's exploration of the entire galaxy. 

"The Naked Sky" is kind of slow and tedious.  Gunn spends way too much time describing the automated vending machines and amusements and the roller coaster ride in the first half of the story, and then the seductive dreams in the second half.  We know these things are just diversions and digressions that will have no effect on the plot or on D'glas, so devoting page after page to them is a waste of our time.  The characters and the physical fights are not particularly interesting or exciting either.  As for the philosophical and psychological discussions, they are not offensively bad--I don't think I really disagree with them--but they are banal, and I didn't feel like they had any passion or any particularly novel or clever arguments behind them, so they are not engaging.  In fact, I consider the story's message to be a little muddled--are we supposed to think hedonics is good or bad?  I guess we are supposed to think the science of hedonics is awesome but the people of Venus have taken it a little too far and the Council computer on Earth has taken it way too far; the message of moderation may be wise, but it is not very exciting.

(If we consider "The Unhappy Man" and "The Naked Sky" together as a unit, which makes sense as they ended up being components of the same novel, maybe we can make Gunn's argument a little more compelling, at least for you college-educated types.  Perhaps Josh's bourgeois capitalist world of individualism in which everybody works so hard they lose their families and have to drink a lot of bicarbs and whiskey and sodas to function is the thesis, and the tyrannical collectivist world of extreme Hedonism in which people revert to infancy or the womb is the antithesis, and the interstellar community D'glas and Susan will help create will be a stable and enduring synthesis with a balance of individualism and elite intervention and planning.)

Its action-adventure elements, intellectual elements and literary elements all being sort of mediocre, "The Naked Sky" is merely acceptable, a long filler story.  Thank God Virgil Finlay was there to give Startling's readers their 25 cents' worth.      

Renamed "The Joy Ride," "The Naked Sky" was included in a 1975 Gunn collection entitled The End of the Dreams.  "The Naked Sky" is a much more poetic title, but "The Joy Ride" actually suits the story's plot and themes.

"Name Your Pleasure" (1955)

The events of this story take place after those chronicled in "The Unhappy Man" and before those described in  "The Naked Sky;" the Hedonist Council took over the world a few decades ago, and the colonization of Venus has just begun.  Our main character is a local hedonist potentate, the dictator of a "ward" of 1,000 people; such men abandon their names and just go by "The Hedonist of Ward 482" or whatever.  Employing the technology first described in "The Unhappy Man," and his hedonic training, he acts as doctor, psychiatrist, priest, teacher, and top cop to those 1,000 people.  Unhappiness is illegal, and those who are unhappy receive treatment of varying levels of intrusiveness--a woman unhappy because she can't get a man receives plastic surgery and fashion advice, while the really hard cases, like a violent man, get lobotomized.  The Hedonist decides who can marry, who can have kids, even what sort of fiction can be written--no sad stories allowed!  The Hedonist isn't permitted to marry or have children himself--he has to focus on the happiness of his 1,000 dependents.  But don't feel too bad for this guy--he has sex with plenty of unmarried young women in the course of training them for marriage!

In fact, the main plot of "Name Your Pleasure" has a lot to do with his relationship with the latest of these women he is training, Beth.  Despite hedonic prohibitions on becoming emotionally attached to individuals, he is kind of sweet on this girl who is 33 years younger than he is, and it makes him a little uneasy to cut off their relationship now the time has come for her to marry.  After a dozen or so pages that introduce us to the Hedonist and the Earth he inhabits, the action-adventure plot gets going.  The Hedonist is called to meet with the ruling Hedonist Council in their skyscraper HQ, and when he hails a helicab he is amazed to see who it is at the controls--Beth, who is too young to rent an aircraft!  Beth, it turns out, is some kind of rebel and an adept at deception, forgery and even fighting!  And spying!  Beth shares some crucial inside information--the Council has it in for our hero!  She urges the Hedonist to skip his appointment, but he goes anyway.

At the meeting, the Hedonist realizes his career is over.  The Council has perfected a hypno system that gives people superrealistic dreams--now people can be made 100% happy without ever leaving their rooms, as we saw in "The Naked Sky."  The Hedonist opposes imposition of such a system, just as in the past he has opposed the Council's sale of neo-heroin and use of the "sensies"--he thinks that happiness isn't something the government can just give to you, but something you have to achieve for yourself, that the government should limit itself to guiding people in their own quest to win happiness, not just give them happiness via drugs or induced delusions.  An obstacle to imposition of the new policy, the Council is determined to neutralize him.  So, he escapes the skyscraper by climbing out the window of the bathroom, and is saved from lobotomization by the Council or death from a fall of twenty-nine stories by the opportune arrival of Beth in her helicopter.  ("Name Your Pleasure" has the strong resourceful woman we are all supposed to be looking for in our fiction, but I guess it doesn't pass the Bolshoi Test because Beth devotes her abilities to preserving the man she loves.) 

Beth flies them to the ruins of the old city, where there is a crater from a nuclear weapon detonation, the space port, and the Strip, a sort of red light district with gambling and erotic entertainments.  (The crater is visible on the cover of Thrilling Wonder--the explosion in the sky is their chopper, which Beth sent back to New City on automatic control, where it was shot down by the government.)  The Hedonist ends up going to a bunch of places D'glas goes to in "The Naked Sky"--I thought those scenes in "The Naked Sky" long and superfluous filler, but I guess Gunn meant them to serve to tie the stories together.

Taking advantage of the semi-anonymity of the Strip (people wear concealing masks like at Carnival), the Hedonist tries to contact other ward rulers to enlist them in a plan of working within the political and legal system to stop the Council's radical hypno illusion agenda and preserve the status quo.  But his experience mirrors that of Josh in "The Unhappy Man" when that businessman tried to stop Hedonism, Inc. forty or whatever years ago: the politicians are already in full support of the Council's projected reforms, and the other ward leaders, he learns, are all too scared or too worn out to resist the Council.  The sad fact the Hedonist must face is that the classic hedonism he believes in is not a sustainable system--it turns out that our hero is the best Hedonist in the world, the only one who really believes in classic hedonism and practices it!  His colleagues at the top of all the other wards are cracking under the stress of being responsible for the happiness of 1,000 people, and welcome giving up their jobs and having their charges hypno-anesthetized--hell, they welcome being hypno-anesthetized themselves, according to one old chum from hedonism college, Lira, who has been a neo-heroine addict for years.  (Under collectivist dictatorial hedonism the middle classes are suffering the same fate Josh suffered under individualistic liberal capitalism!)    

With no way to stop the Council's radical reforms, reforms that the Hedonist feels are going to install a perverted and sterile form of hedonism, he agrees to join the effort to colonize Venus.  You see, the Underground of which Beth is a member busts out of jail people who have been sentenced by the Council to severely invasive therapies, and these enemies of the state are shipped offworld to become colonists on Venus or other planets or moons--the Council turns a blind eye to this, glad to have people incompatible with its plans off the planet and chary of getting into some kind of shooting war with the Underground, which has lots of money because it owns the profitable Strip.  As the story ends the Hedonist takes up his name again, Morgan, and he and Beth fly to Venus, where we are to assume they live a life of happiness based on the satisfaction of doing the hard work of terraforming Venus, and where, we know from "The Naked Sky" if we read it before reading "Name Your Pleasure," Morgan will become an intellectual leader of the colony and pen the book that will help D'glas overcome the master computer that is going to replace the Council.

"Name Your Pleasure" is quite a bit better than "The Unhappy Man" and "The Naked Sky."  It is more focused and direct--Gunn's points are more clearly made, both the attack on our 20th-century individualistic society and the argument that true happiness does not come from external shortcuts like drugs and induced dreams.  Hedonism's philosophy and techniques are better explained and more interesting.  Less encumbered by fat and filler than "The Naked Sky," the plot moves more quickly and satisfyingly.  The characters and human drama are also better--Morgan the Hedonist and Beth have sympathetic human motivations and reactions to their environment and situations, and the Hedonist evolves as a character in ways people in the other two stories do not as he realizes the government and philosophy he has served faithfully for so long is terribly flawed and falls in love with Beth.  Morgan's escape from the Council's skyscraper with Beth's help is actually a good action scene, complete with fun high tech devices.  Unlike "The Unhappy Man" and "The Naked Sky," which are merely tolerable, I can actually recommend "Name Your Pleasure." 

"Name Your Pleasure" would be reprinted in the 1974 collection Some Dreams are Nightmares under the title "The Hedonist."  This book announces on its cover that it is illustrated by Leonard Everett Fisher like that is a big selling point, but when I looked at the scan of the book at the internet archive I was surprised to find that the interior illos are as sterile and lame as the one on the cover.  

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In 1984 a hardcover edition of The Joy Makers was published as the second volume of Crown Publishers' Classics of Modern Science Fiction series, and a scan of this book is also to be found at the internet archive. For publication as a novel, the three stories' titles were dropped and "The Unhappy Man" became Part One, "Name Your Pleasure" Part Two, and "The Naked Sky" Part Three. Buttressing the novel's philosophical pretensions, each of the 28 chapters now has an epigraph from a famous intellectual or writer like Samuel Johnson, Charles Dickens, H. G. Wells, Shakespeare, etc.; in magazine form only "The Naked Sky" had these sorts of epigraphs.

I skimmed much of the book.  Significantly, The Joy Makers does not feel like a fix-up, a bunch of stories that originally were totally distinct and were forced together--to their detriment in many cases--to form an episodic novel like so many A. E. van Vogt novels; the three tales are more like entries in a future history that were always meant to be published together and they actually work better when they appear in concert than individually.  

I didn't see any major changes to the text of the story--some typos had been fixed, and some new ones introduced.  I did find a new paragraph had been added to "Name Your Pleasure," but it wasn't a big deal, and when Morgan dons a mask in the Strip that makes him look like a drooling imbecile, and his old school chum has on a mask depicting a scared man, Gunn refers to them as "the Idiot" and "Fear" instead of the "The Hedonist" and "Lira," I guess trying to make any symbolism more obvious.

Significantly, The Joy Makers does not feel like a fix-up, a bunch of stories that originally were totally distinct and were forced together--to their detriment in many cases--to form an episodic novel like so many A. E. van Vogt novels; the three tales are more like entries in a future history that were always meant to be published together and actually work better when they appear in concert than individually.

Seeing as the stories are almost identical to their magazine appearances, the hardcover book's ancillary material actually provided me more to chew on than did its presentation of Gunn's texts.  

In his Foreword, Isaac Asimov explains the rationale behind the series: because magazines and paperbacks are so fragile, some great SF works, especially ones that are, Asimov says, "too good to be immediately popular" because of their subtlety, risk falling into oblivion.  The Classics of Modern Science Fiction series aims to preserve in hardcover just such classics, selected by George Zebrowski and Martin H. Greenberg, that were undervalued when they initially appeared.  Asimov doesn't name any authors or books in this foreword--I think the same Foreword appeared in all ten books in the series.

In his Introduction, George Zebrowski, however, names names.  He numbers James E. Gunn among a group of SF writers that includes William Tenn, Robert Sheckley, Algis Budrys and Chad Oliver, men he says have bodies of work comparable to those of Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, Robert A. Heinlein, Ray Bradbury and Frank Herbert but who have not achieved the popularity of those iconic figures.  

I'm not really familiar with Herbert and Tenn, so I'll put them to the side, but it seems obvious why Asimov and Clarke the science geniuses and Heinlein and Bradbury, who have distinctive and pleasing writing styles as well as points of view about human life that suggest people are capable of great things as well as dreadful things, are more popular than Sheckley, Budrys and Oliver, who, in my opinion, don't exactly have winning writing styles and who, in my experience, single-mindedly bang away at the same unappealing, somewhat misanthropic, themes again and again. 

Zebrowski doesn't exactly contradict my assessment, but certainly puts a rosier spin on things by theorizing that Gunn, Tenn, Sheckley, Budrys and Oliver's relative lack of fame is due partly because their work makes use of irony and offers an "incisive, often comic, view of humanity," and the general public doesn't appreciate irony and misses the point.  (Yeah, that's the ticket, people prefer Robert Heinlein and Ray Bradbury to Robert Sheckely and Chad Oliver because people are dumb!)  Zebrowski then quotes the many accolades from critics that The Joy Makers has received over the years, tells us it is "delicious," and predicts that our own society will face the dilemma depicted in the novel, of having to choose between real life and immersive artificial entertainment.

I don't think that The Joy Makers is "delicious," by any means; I think it is just OK.  But Asimov's invocation of subtlety and Zebrowski's of irony made me wonder about how "The Unhappy Man" and "Name Your Pleasure," viewed in isolation from "The Naked Sky" as they were in magazine form, certainly seem to be advocating that you surrender your property and autonomy to experts who have been selected for altruism and are equipped with advanced technology--maybe they are in fact a satire of people who advocate such ideas?  

Well, either way, the stories that are the component parts of The Joy Makers are acceptable examples of the SF that is about ideas instead of adventure or human drama (Zebrowski dismisses such SF as being "naively heroic" and "sentimental" and directed at "adolescents."  Ouch!)

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More SF stories from the 1950s next time...if there is a next time!